Addressing Gender Issues Through the Management of Tax Talent
Keywords:
Tax Experts, Gender, Talent Management, Diversity Management, Business Case, Clients' NeedsAbstract
Like most areas of financial services, the tax field has traditionally had a predominantly masculinist outlook. In lieu of increased female participation within the field and a rapidly changing operational landscape, these gendered hierarchies persist. At the same time, gender diversity has come to be celebrated as an expression of equality within organisations, and has gained widespread acceptance as part of a larger effort to manage “talent” across the tax field. In this paper, we problematise the fundamental underpinnings of these efforts and question their ability to challenge the pervasive and deeply entrenched gendered hierarchies within the tax field. Using practitioner literature focussed on providing guidance to new and existing tax experts, we begin by describing the changing tax field. Here, we highlight the roles that globalisation and digitisation play in the push to manage tax talent, emphasising the way in which issues of gender are assimilated into and, ultimately, constrained by this narrative. Next, we review prior literature for insights into the fundamental inability of such an approach to meaningfully challenge gendered hierarchies. Drawing insights from these critiques, we discuss the conceptual limits of a language of production and focus on clients’ needs, as well as the complexities that are overlooked or ignored by the over-simplicity of a business case rationale. In short, we argue that the prevailing approach to manage tax talent is fundamentally incapable of addressing gender issues in the tax field and warn against prevailing attempts that claim otherwise. Central to our argument are the conceptual constraints imposed by a focus on clients’ needs. Here, to help to illustrate the impact of these constraints, we also present preliminary empirical data from an international questionnaire on tax experts’ priorities in their day-to-day work. While our findings identify a range of differences that align with prior literature on decision-making, they also illustrate a homogenisation of gender differences when servicing both clients’ and organisational needs. To conclude, we discuss how these findings illustrate the conceptual grip of clients’ needs over tax experts’ own priorities, recall the centrality of those needs within the prevailing approach to addressing gender issues via the management of tax talent, and articulate the continued need to challenge gendered hierarchies in the tax field.
References
Abu-Rabia-Queder, S. (2017). The paradox of professional marginality among Arab-Bedouin women. Sociology, 51(5), 1084-1100. https://doi.org/10.1177/0038038516641621
Adapa, S., Rindfleish, J., & Sheridan, A. (2016). ‘Doing gender’ in a regional context: Explaining women's absence from senior roles in regional accounting firms in Australia. Critical Perspectives on Accounting, 35, 100-110. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cpa.2015.05.004
Akaah, I. P. (1989). Differences in research ethics judgments between male and female marketing professionals. Journal of Business Ethics, 8(5), 375-381. https://doi.org/10.1007/BF00381729
Anderson-Gough, F., Grey, C., & Robson, K. (2005). “Helping them to forget..”: The organizational embedding of gender relations in public audit firms. Accounting, Organizations and Society, 30(5), 469-490. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.aos.2004.05.003
Apostol, O., & Pop, A. (2019). ‘Paying taxes is losing money’: A qualitative study on institutional logics in the tax consultancy field in Romania. Critical Perspectives on Accounting, 58, 1-23. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cpa.2018.05.001
Ashby, J. S., Haslam, S. A., & Webley, P. (2009). The distinct role of group-central and group-peripheral norms in taxpaying behaviour. The Journal of Socio-Economics, 38(2), 230-237. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.socec.2008.11.001
Ashley, L. (2010). Making a difference? The use (and abuse) of diversity management at the UK’s elite law firms. Work, Employment and Society, 24(4), 711-727. https://doi.org/10.1177/0950017010380639
Ashley, L., & Empson, L. (2016). Convenient fictions and inconvenient truths: Dilemmas of diversity at three leading accountancy firms. Critical Perspectives on Accounting, 35, 76-87. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cpa.2015.05.002
Berger, A. N., Kick, T., & Schaeck, K. (2013). Executive board composition and bank risk taking. Journal of Corporate Finance, 28(3), 48-65. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jcorpfin.2013.11.006
Bertrand, M. (2011). New perspectives on gender. In O. Ashenfelter & D. Card (Eds.), Handbook of Labor Economics (Vol. 4, Part B, pp.1543-1590). San Diego, CA: North Holland. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0169-7218(11)02415-4
Betz, M., O’Connell, L., & Skepard, J. M. (1989). Gender differences in proclivity for unethical behavior. Journal of Business Ethics, 8(5), 321-324. https://doi.org/10.1007/BF00381722
Bobek, D. D., Hageman, A. M., & Radtke, R. R. (2015). The effects of professional role, decision context, and gender on the ethical decision making of public accounting professionals. Behavioral Research in Accounting, 27(1), 55-78. https://doi.org/10.2308/bria-51090
Broadbent, J. (1998). The gendered nature of “accounting logic”: Pointers to an accounting that encompasses multiple values. Critical Perspectives on Accounting, 9(3), 267-297. https://doi.org/10.1006/cpac.1997.0158
Broadbent, J. (2016). A gender agenda. Meditari Accountancy Research, 24(2), 169-181. https://doi.org/10.1108/MEDAR-07-2015-0046
Broadbent, J., & Kirkham, L. (2008). Glass ceilings, glass cliffs or new worlds? Revisiting gender and accounting. Accounting, Auditing & Accountability Journal, 21(4), 465-473. https://doi.org/10.1108/09513570810872888
Butterfield, K. D., Trevin, L. K., & Weaver, G. R. (2000). Moral awareness in business organizations: Influences of issue-related and social context factors. Human Relations, 53(7), 981-1018. https://doi.org/10.1177/0018726700537004
Carmona, S., & Ezzamel, M. (2016). Accounting and lived experience in the gendered workplace, Accounting, Organizations and Society, 49, 1-8. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.aos.2015.11.004
Chaganti, R. (1986). Management in women-owned enterprises. Journal of Small Business Management, 24, 18-29.
Charness, G., & Gneezy, U. (2012). Strong evidence for gender differences in risk taking. Journal of Economic Behavior and Organization, 83(1), 50-58. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jebo.2011.06.007
Chen, Z. X., Tsui, A. S., & Farh, J.-L. (2002) Loyalty to supervisor vs. organizational commitment: Relationships to employee performance in China. Journal of Occupational and Organizational Psychology, 75(3), 339-356. https://doi.org/10.1348/096317902320369749
Čihák, M., & Sahay, R. (2018, September 19). Women in finance: An economic case for gender equality [Blog post]. Retrieved from: https://blogs.imf.org/2018/09/19/women-in-finance-an-economic-case-for-gender-equality/
Coates, J. M., & Herbert, J. (2008). Endogenous steroids and financial risk taking on a London trading floor. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America, 105(16), 6167-6172. https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.0704025105
Collins‐Dodd, C., Gordon, I. M., & Smart, C. (2004). Further evidence on the role of gender in financial performance. Journal of Small Business Management, 42(4), 395-417. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1540-627X.2004.00119.x
Croson, R., & Gneezy, U. (2009). Gender differences in preferences. Journal of Economic Literature, 47(2), 448-474. https://doi.org/10.1257/jel.47.2.448
Daubner-Siva, D., Vinkenburg, C. J., & Jansen, P. G. W. (2017). Dovetailing talent management and diversity management: the exclusion-inclusion paradox. Journal of Organizational Effectiveness: People and Performance, 4(4), 315-331. https://doi.org/10.1108/JOEPP-02-2017-0019
Dobell, J. (2017, May 30). The future of tax technology is now. Retrieved from: http://www.internationaltaxreview.com/Article/3721378/The-future-of-tax-technology-is-now.html
Drucker, P., Dyson, E., Handy, C., Saffo, P., & Senge, P. M. (1997). Looking ahead: implications of the present. Harvard Business Review, 75(September/October), 20-24. Retrieved from https://hbr.org/1997/09/looking-ahead-implications-of-the-present
Eagly, A. H. (1987). Sex Differences in Social Behavior: A Social-role Interpretation. Hillsdale, NJ.: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates.
Eckel, C. C., & Grossman, P. J. (2008a). The difference in the economic decisions of men and women: Experimental evidence. In C. Plott & V. Smith (Eds.), Handbook of experimental economics results (Vol. 1, pp. 509-519). Amsterdam, The Netherlands: North-Holland.
Eckel, C. C., & Grossman, P. J. (2008b). Men, women and risk aversion: Experimental evidence. In C. Plott & V. Smith (Eds.), Handbook of experimental economics results (Vol. 1, pp. 1061-1073). Amsterdam, The Netherlands: North-Holland.
Edgley, C., Sharma, N., & Anderson-Gough, F. (2016). Diversity and professionalism in the Big Four firms: Expectation, celebration and weapon in the battle for talent. Critical Perspectives on Accounting, 35, 13-34. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cpa.2015.05.005
Egan, M. (2018). LGBTI staff, and diversity within the Australian accounting profession. Sustainability Accounting, Management and Policy Journal, 9(5), 595-614. https://doi.org/10.1108/SAMPJ-07-2017-0069
Fasci, M. A., & Valdez, J. (1998). A performance contrast of male- and female-owned small accounting practices. Journal of Small Business Management, 36(3), 1-7.
Flynn, A., Earlie, E. K., & Cross, C. (2015). Gender equality in the accounting profession: one size fits all. Gender in Management, 30(6), 479-499. https://doi.org/10.1108/GM-06-2015-0048
Fogarty, T. J., & Jones, D. A. (2014). Between a rock and a hard place: How tax practitioners straddle client advocacy and professional responsibilities. Qualitative Research in Accounting & Management, 11(4), 286-316. https://doi.org/10.1108/QRAM-06-2013-0024
Gallardo-Gallardo, E., Dries, N., & González-Cruz, T. F. (2013). What is the meaning of ‘talent’ in the world of work? Human Resource Management Review, 23(4), 290-300. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.hrmr.2013.05.002
Gallhofer, S. (1998). The silences of mainstream feminist accounting research. Critical Perspectives on Accounting, 9(3), 355-375. https://doi.org/10.1006/cpac.1997.0191
Groysberg, B. (2008). How star women build portable skills. Harvard Business Review, 86(2), 74. Retrieved from https://hbr.org/2008/02/how-star-women-build-portable-skills
Hahn, T., Preuss, L., Pinkse, J., & Figge, F. (2014). Cognitive frames in corporate sustainability: Managerial sensemaking with paradoxical and business case frames. Academy of Management Review, 39(4), 463-487. https://doi.org/10.5465/amr.2012.0341
Haines, A. (Ed.) (2017). Special Focus: Women in Tax Leaders (3rd ed.) [Special supplement]. International Tax Review. Retrieved from: http://www.internationaltaxreview.com/Supplement/98412/Supplements/Women-in-Tax-Leaders-3rd-edition.html
Hakim, C. (2000). Work-lifestyle choices in the 21st century: Preference theory. Oxford, England: Oxford University Press.
Hardies, K., & Khalifa, R. (2018). Gender is not “a dummy variable”: A discussion of current gender research in accounting. Qualitative Research in Accounting and Management, 15(3), 385-407. https://doi.org/10.1108/QRAM-08-2017-0083
Hardies, K., Lennox, C. S., & Li, B. (2018, October 1). Gender Discrimination?: Evidence from the Belgian Public Accounting . http://dx.doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.3258719
Harris, C. R., Jenkins, M., & Glaser, D. (2006). Gender differences in risk assessment: Why do women take fewer risks than men? Judgment and Decision Making, 1(1), 48-63.
Haynes, K. (2013). Sexuality and sexual symbolism as processes of gendered identity formation: An autoethnography of an accounting firm. Accounting, Auditing & Accountability Journal, 26(3), 374-398. https://doi.org/10.1108/09513571311311865
Haynes, K. (2017). Accounting as gendering and gendered: A review of 25 years of critical accounting research on gender. Critical Perspectives on Accounting, 43, 110-124. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cpa.2016.06.004
Haynes, K., & Grugulis, I. (2014). Gender and Diversity Challenges in Professional Services Firms. In K. Haynes & I. Grugulis (Eds.), Managing Services: Challenges & Innovation (pp. 65-82). Oxford, England: Oxford University Press.
Hirschman, A. O. (1970). Exit, voice, and loyalty: Responses to decline in firms, organizations, and states. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press.
Hoke, W. (2018, 30 July). Women in tax: Pioneering and progress but still a long way to go. Tax Notes International, 446-449.
An ICIJ Investigation – Paradise Papers: Secrets of the Global Elite. (2017). Retrieved from https://www.icij.org/investigations/paradise-papers/
Kastlunger, B., Dressler, S. G., Kirchler, E., Mittone, L., & Voracek, M. (2010). Sex differences in tax compliance: Differentiating between demographic sex, gender-role orientation, and prenatal masculinization (2D:4D). Journal of Economic Psychology, 31(4), 542-552. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.joep.2010.03.015
Kelan, E. K. (2010). Gender logic and (un)doing gender at work. Gender, Work & Organization, 17(2), 174-194. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1468-0432.2009.00459.x
Kirkham, L. M., & Loft, A. (1993). Gender and the construction of the professional accountant. Accounting, Organizations and Society, 18(6), 507-558. https://doi.org/10.1016/0361-3682(93)90002-N
Kirkland, R. A., Peterson, E., Baker, C. A., Miller, S., & Pulos, S. (2013). Meta-analysis reveals adult female superiority in “Reading the Mind in the Eyes” Test. North American Journal of Psychology, 15(1), 121-146.
Komori, N. (2008). Towards the feminization of accounting practice: Lessons from the experiences of Japanese women in the accounting profession. Accounting, Auditing & Accountability Journal, 21(4), 507-538. https://doi.org/10.1108/09513570810872905
Kornberger, M., Carter, C., & Ross-Smith, A. (2010). Changing gender domination in a Big Four accounting firm: Flexibility, performance and client service in practice. Accounting, Organizations and Society, 35(8), 775-791. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.aos.2010.09.005
Liddy, J. P. (2018, March). Time’s up for gender equality. Retrieved from: https://home.kpmg.com/xx/en/home/insights/2018/03/times-up-for-gender-inequality-fs.html
Linstead, S., & Pullen, A. (2006). Gender as multiplicity: Desire, displacement, difference and dispersion. Human Relations, 59(9), 1287-1310. https://doi.org/10.1177/0018726706069772
Litvin, D. R. (2002). The business case for diversity and the ‘Iron Cage’. In B. Czarniawska & H. Höpfl (Eds.), Casting the other: The production and maintenance of inequalities in work organizations (pp.160-184). London, England: Routledge.
Lupu, I. (2012). Approved routes and alternative paths: The construction of women's careers in large accounting firms. Evidence from the French Big Four. Critical Perspectives on Accounting, 23(4-5), 351-369. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cpa.2012.01.003
Matzler, K., Hinterhuber, H. H., Friedrich von den Eichen, S. A., & Stahl, H. K. (2003a) Core issues in German strategic management research. Problems and Perspectives in Management, 1(1), pp. 149-161.
Maxfield, S., Shapiro, M., Gupta, V., & Hass, S. (2010). Gender and risk: Women, risk taking and risk aversion. Gender in Management, 25(7), 586-604. https://doi.org/10.1108/17542411011081383
McGuigan, N., & Ghio, A. (2018). Queering accounting: opening up and connecting professional services firms. Sustainability Accounting, Management and Policy Journal, 9(5), 625-635. https://doi.org/10.1108/SAMPJ-08-2018-0210
Morrow, P. C., & McElroy, J. C. (1993). Introduction: Understanding and managing loyalty in a multi-commitment world. Journal of Business Research, 26(1), 1-2. https://doi.org/10.1016/0148-2963(93)90038-Q
Nibbe, J., Amino, K., Barton, K., Hunter, J., & Zöllkau, Y. (Eds.) (2016). Talent and tax [Special Issue]. Tax Insights for Business Leaders, 15. Retrieved from https://taxinsights.ey.com/system-admin/editions/tax15-talent-and-tax-abo-version-lowres-160316-4a.pdf
Noon, M. (2007). The fatal flaws of diversity and the business case for ethnic minorities. Work, employment and society, 21(4), 773-784. https://doi.org/10.1177/0950017007082886
Nutley, S., & Mudd, J. (2005). Has the glass cliff replaced the glass ceiling for women employed in the public sector? Public Money & Management, 25(1), 3-4.
Oats, L. (2015). Review of recent literature. Journal of Tax Administration, 1(1), 141-150. Retrieved from http://jota.website/index.php/JoTA/article/view/13
Onu, D., & Oats, L. (2015). The role of social norms in tax compliance: Theoretical overview and practical implications. Journal of Tax Administration, 1(1), 113-137. Retrieved from http://jota.website/index.php/JoTA/article/view/11
O‘Regan, P., & Killian, S. (2014). ‘Professionals who understand’: Expertise, public interest and societal risk governance. Accounting, Organizations and Society, 39(8), 615-631. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.aos.2014.07.004
Painter‐Morland, M., Kirk, S., Deslandes, G., & Tansley, C. (2018). Talent management: The good, the bad, and the possible. European Management Review, 16(1), 135-146. https://doi.org/10.1111/emre.12171
The Panama Papers: Exposing the Rogue Offshore Finance Industry. (n.d.). Retrieved from https://www.icij.org/investigations/panama-papers/
Poggio, B. (2006). Editorial: Outline of a theory of gender practices. Gender, work & organization, 13(3), 225-233. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1468-0432.2006.00305.x
PwC. (2015). Making Diversity a Reality. n.p.: PwC. Retrieved from: https://www.pwc.com/gx/en/industries/financial-services/assets/pwc-diversity-and-inclusion-making-diversity-a-reality.pdf
PwC (2017a). Tax function of the future – Upskilling the tax workforce in the digital world. Retrieved from: https://www.pwc.com/us/en/services/tax/library/tax-function-upskilling-tax-professional.html
PwC (2017b). The tax professional of the future. Retrieved from: https://www.pwc.com/gx/en/tax/publications/assets/pwc_tax_function_of_the_future_series_tax_professional_of_the_future_june_2017.pdf
Radcliffe, V. S., Spence, C., Stein, M., & Wilkinson, B. (2018). Professional repositioning during times of institutional change: The case of tax practitioners and changing moral boundaries. Accounting, Organizations and Society, 66, 45-59. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.aos.2017.12.001
Redding, S. G. (1990). The spirit of Chinese capitalism. Berlin, Germany: Walter de Gruyter.
Rosa, P., Carter, S., & Hamilton, D. (1996). Gender as a determinant of small business performance: Insights from a British study. Small Business Economics, 8(6), 463-478. https://doi.org/10.1007/BF00390031
Rumens, N. (2016). Sexualities and accounting: A queer theory perspective. Critical Perspectives on Accounting, 35, 111-120. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cpa.2015.05.003
Shawver, T. J., & Clements, L. H. (2015). Are there gender differences when professional accountants evaluate moral intensity for earnings management? Journal of Business Ethics, 131(3), 557-566. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10551-014-2293-6
Sila, V., Gonzalez, A., & Hagendorff, J. (2016). Women on board: Does boardroom gender diversity affect firm risk? Journal of Corporate Finance, 36, 26-53. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jcorpfin.2015.10.003
Sommerlad, H., & Ashley, L. (2018). The implications for gender of work in professional service firms. In M. Saks & D. Muzio (Eds.), Professions and Professional Service Firms: Private and Public Sector Enterprises in the Global Economy (pp. 137-156). London, England: Routledge.
Suddaby, R., Viale, T., & Gendron, Y. (2016). Reflexivity: The role of embedded social position and entrepreneurial social skill in processes of field level change. Research in Organizational Behavior, 36, 225-245. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.riob.2016.02.001
Tomlinson, F., & Schwabenland, C. (2010). Reconciling competing discourses of diversity? The UK non-profit sector between social justice and the business case. Organization, 17(1), 101-121. https://doi.org/10.1177/1350508409350237
Tremblay, M.-S., Gendron, Y., & Malsch, B. (2016). Gender on board: deconstructing the “legitimate” female director. Accounting, Auditing & Accountability Journal, 29(1), 165-190. https://doi.org/10.1108/AAAJ-05-2014-1711
Twomey, A. M., Linehan, M., & Walsh, J. S. (2002). Career progression of young female accountants: evidence from the accountancy profession in Ireland. Journal of European Industrial Training, 26(2/3/4), 117-124. https://doi.org/10.1108/03090590210421996
Walker, S. P. (1998). How to secure your husband's esteem. Accounting and private patriarchy in the British middle class household during the nineteenth century. Accounting, Organizations and Society, 23(5-6), 485-514. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0361-3682(97)00025-1
Walker, S. P. (2003). Professionalisation or incarceration? Household engineering, accounting and the domestic ideal. Accounting, Organizations and Society, 28(7-8), 743-772. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0361-3682(02)00020-X
Watson, J. (2002). Comparing the performance of male- and female-controlled businesses: Relating outputs to inputs. Entrepreneurship Theory and Practice, 26(3), 91-100. https://doi.org/10.1177/104225870202600306
Watson, J., & Robinson, S. (2003). Adjusting for risk in comparing the performances of male- and female-controlled SMEs. Journal of Business Venturing, 18(6), 773-788. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0883-9026(02)00128-3
Werther Jr., W. B. (1988). Loyalty at work. Business Horizons, 31(2), 28-35. https://doi.org/10.1016/0007-6813(88)90078-X
West, C., & Zimmerman, D. H. (1987). Doing gender. Gender & society, 1(2), 125-151. https://doi.org/10.1177/0891243287001002002
White, R. E., Thornhill, S., & Hampson, E. (2007). A biosocial model of entrepreneurship: The combined effects of nurture and nature. Journal of Organizational Behavior, 28(4), 451-466. https://doi.org/10.1002/job.432
Windsor, C., & Auyeung, P. (2006). The effect of gender and dependent children on professional accountants’ career progression. Critical Perspectives on Accounting, 17(6), 828-844. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cpa.2004.11.007
Woolley, A. W., Aggarwal, I., & Malone, T. W. (2015). Collective intelligence and group performance. Current Directions in Psychological Science, 24(6), 420-424. https://doi.org/10.1177/0963721415599543
FURTHER READING
Dambrin, C., & Lambert, C. (2012). Who is she and who are we? A reflexive journey in research into the rarity of women in the highest ranks of accountancy. Critical Perspectives on Accounting, 23(1), 1-16. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cpa.2011.06.006
Stenger, S., & Roulet, T. J. (2017). Pride against prejudice? The stakes of concealment and disclosure of a stigmatized identity for gay and lesbian auditors. Work, employment and society, 32(2), 257-273. https://doi.org/10.1177/0950017016682459
Downloads
Published
How to Cite
Issue
Section
License
Copyright (c) 2020 Matthew Sorola, Dionysios Karavidas, Martin Laheen
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License.
Our open access status means that authors retain the copyright of their work. However, all papers published in JOTA are done so under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International license (CC BY). This means that others can share and/or adapt your work without your permission as long as they follow certain rules, including attributing your work correctly.
You can learn more about this on our Open Access, Licensing, and Copyright Policies page.